[ITM has been slowly publishing as blog posts some of the presentations from the New Chaucer Society congress session "Are We Dark Enough Yet? Pale Faces 2016." Cord Whitaker offered the first post, here; Wan-Chuan Kao offered the second here. The roundtable in London honored the long wake of Carolyn Dinshaw's 2000 Biennial Chaucer Lecture "Pale Faces: Race, Religion, and Affect in Chaucer's Texts and Their Readers" -- especially because the NCS was returning to that city for the first time since she delivered it there. This collaboratively shaped roundtable pondered the ways in which literary medieval studies has both changed and resisted some profound challenges to its self-identity over the past decade and a half. Returning to the theme of Carolyn Dinshaw's lecture, presenters wondered about diversity among medievalists, the place of the personal, the matter of race, and the decolonization of medieval studies as a discipline. Please share and add to the discussion! It is our hope to formulate an action plan out of the event and its aftermath. -- JJC]
Beyond the Anglophone Inner Circle of Chaucer Studies
With growing speed,
global events are dismantling structures that we took for granted just months
ago. This year in Brazil (recently identified with Russia, India, and China as
an emerging economic power known as BRIC), the government and economy
collapsed, a tragedy televised globally as the country frantically prepared to stage
the "summer" Olympics and fought to limit the Zika outbreak. In late
June, the Brexit vote began the process of unraveling ties between the UK and
the rest of Europe, as well as exposing additional discontent within the
European Union. Five days later, a bombing at Istanbul's Atatürk Airport killed
42 travelers. Then, on the last day of the NCS Congress in mid-July, we
watched, first, the Turkish military's failed coup d'etat and, next, Erdoğan's more overt efforts to
centralize power and strip Turkish citizens of rights that had hitherto been
the hallmark of secular Turkey for nearly 100 years.
None of these events
are unrelated to our work as Chaucerians. All of us in London for the New
Chaucer Society Congress witnessed the destabilizing results of the Brexit
vote. The ties between the UK and the rest of Europe once taken for granted seemed
to be quickly dissolving. One of the speakers on the Global Chaucers
roundtable, José Francisco Botelho, Brazil’s award-winning translator of
Chaucer and Shakespeare, had to bow out because Brazil's once enthusiastic
support for scholarship dried up. And the Istanbul bombings of made the travel
of one roundtable participant an act of stoic heroism; the difficulty of her
travel was highlighted when she reached home only hours before the coup shut down international travel, and the
difficulty of her position was further highlighted when Turkish educators became Erdoğan's latest target.
I find these developments
extraordinarily distressing. Just as we are opening up the field of Chaucer
Studies to scholars, authors, and translators outside what can call the
Anglophone alignment connecting Australasia, the United States, Canada, and the
United Kingdom, events beyond our control threaten the easy commerce of ideas. The
following comments are my contributions to a roundtable organized by Jeffrey
Jerome Cohen, "Are We Dark Enough Yet? Pale Faces 2016." Drafted in
late May when I had little notion of how events would unfold, I now share them
with you with greater urgency than they were originally written. Also, because
the panelists agreed the roundtable provided an excellent opportunity for
developing a strategic plan, I close by sharing some concrete suggestions for
including more Chaucerians from outside the Anglophone inner circle,
suggestions I’ve gleaned from my conversations with those same Chaucerians.
**********************
The panel’s question, “Are we dark
enough yet?” could be reworded “Who can lay claim to Chaucer Studies? And why?”
As David Mathews and Stephanie Trigg have shown, this reworded question has
never had a stable answer.[1]
Nevertheless, one aspect of Chaucer Studies has remained the same for the past
200 years: the circle has gradually expanded from a tight circle of British
male antiquarians to include scholars from a broad spectrum of racial, gender,
national, and theoretical perspectives.
It would seem that the answer to my reframed question is a happy “Anyone!”
This jolly answer, however, is
mitigated by a second characteristic joining this fellowship of Chaucer Studies:
with few exceptions, membership requires training or positions at universities
within what we can call the Anglophone alignment. This unifying characteristic
means that our scholarship is not only conducted primarily in English but also
conducted according to an accepted set of norms and assumptions. Once we
recognize this particular restriction to active participation in Chaucer
Studies, then we must answer the panel’s original question—“Are we dark enough
yet?”—with “No.” Mindful of that second answer, I argue that we need to broaden
the field of Chaucer scholarship to include Chaucerians trained or working
outside the Anglophone alignment. In doing so, we can avoid some of the narrow-mindedness
of Eurocentrism and recognize that “our” ownership of Chaucer is a cultural and
political construction, not a natural inheritance.
I come to these questions and my
answers regarding diversity in Chaucer Studies through Global Chaucers, a
collaborative project Jonathan Hsy and I initiated in 2012. What began as an
effort to collect and study examples of post-1945 non-Anglophone appropriations
and translations of Chaucer's The Canterbury
Tales has transformed into a network of scholars, students, translators,
and poets on six continents. (We still await collaborators from Antarctica.) Before
Global Chaucers, Chaucerians outside the Anglophone alignment might attend NCS
Congresses and some, such as Japanese and Western European scholars, might
publish articles and books with mainstream Anglophone journals and presses.
There were, however, few organized efforts to tap into the insights of those of
the edges of the Anglophone inner circle.
Without planning to, Global
Chaucers has begun bringing in a wider range of global Chaucerians. Working
together to better understand Chaucer's fourteenth-century texts, this
twenty-first-century collective has given us new ways to interpret and appreciate
The Canterbury Tales. In addition,
this collective can reorient those of us coming to Chaucer and medieval
literature from within the academy's Anglophone alignment by reminding of us of
two cultural myths. The first myth is our direct connection to the British
literary heritage. Though we might study this British heritage in the United States,
Canada, and Australia as part of our national heritage, our apparent connection
is a tenuous construction left over from nineteenth-century nationalist medievalism.
The second myth considers the "Middle Ages" or the
"Medieval" a universal phenomenon, a misguided perception that a
global perspective quickly dispels.
Global Chaucers helps expose the first
myth: that Anglophone cultures are natural offshoots of British culture. For
centuries, Chaucer's reception was considered in terms of British poets and
authors. Only in the past quarter century have we considered his artistic
reception beyond the British Isles—or his popular reception anywhere. As we
have learned from these newer studies of Chaucer's reception, the English
literary tradition allowed some former colonies—Australasia, Canada, and the
United States—to create an Anglophone alignment with the United Kingdom that
not only pretended they shared a single cultural heritage but also erased the
indigenous cultural legacies. This Anglophone alignment views the British
Middle Ages not as alien to their actual, individual indigenous histories but
as a seamless prelude to their colonial history. Here, British literary culture
has been so acculturated as the natural source of all Anglophone literatures
that Chaucer—not indigenous or migrant voices—becomes the father of each former
colonial nation's literary culture. What had long been taken for granted as the
natural order, we now see as highly cultivated and artificial. Conversely, this
linguistic (as well as cultural and political) alignment has allowed us to
consider ourselves an inner circle with exclusive rights to safeguard the
Anglophone heritage. Though we've smuggled exclusive ownership of the British
heritage to our distant shores, we have been less keen on listening to what
others might say about Chaucer and his works.
Global Chaucers also helps expose
the second myth: that the temporality we call "medieval" is a
universal phenomenon. Those of us coming to Chaucer from Anglophone cultures
can easily miss how local this temporality is. Thinking about the global
reception of Chaucer's The Canterbury
Tales requires us to ask what it means for those outside western Europe to appropriate
a medieval text. Though it's easy for the West (which does include the
Anglophone alignment) to adopt the Middle Ages as our own, we cannot assume The Canterbury Tales neatly fits into
every culture's sense of what was happening in the late-fourteenth century.
Nadia Altschul puts it well with her contention that "the Middle Ages is not
a global historical time…but a local European time span."[2]
According to this line of reasoning, the term "medieval" refers to
people, places, texts, and artifacts associated with the European Middle Ages.
Furthermore, “medievalism” or “medieval studies” refers to the reception of
those same European Middle Ages. While this limitation might seem to privilege
a Eurocentric vantage, in fact it de-centers the European model as the one by
which the rest of the world’s cultures are understood. Indeed, by acknowledging
that non-western cultures such as China and Persia have temporalities
independent of Europe’s, we recognize that European history is not the measure
to judge histories and cultures of other geographical regions. That Chaucer's
reception in these non-European cultures must negotiate these multiple
temporalities helps us recognize the many limitations inherent in the concept
"medieval."
Furthermore, at the same time our
work with this global project has exposed some limitations in the ways we think
about our relationship to him, his texts, and his world, Global Chaucers has also
helped us re-orient the ways we read and interpret Chaucerian texts. Already
we've begun this process via careful queries of Chaucer's non-Anglophone
reception beyond the British Isles. We look outside the Anglophone alignment in
order to understand the insights brought to medieval studies by a new breed of Chaucerians—translators
who never considered themselves Chaucerians and scholars who have felt
themselves shoved to the margins of Chaucerian research.
As I have argued elsewhere,
scholars from outside the Anglophone alignment provide perspectives that help
reshape our sense of the past and the ways we have used the past to justify
ourselves as individuals, as communities, as nations, and as allies. [3]
These scholars fortify recent research in medievalism that exposes the
misperceptions at the root of nationalist medievalism's much beloved image of a
somewhat isolated proto-nation populated by a single people speaking one common
vernacular. Now that the image of medieval Europe as a series of isolated
states has been replaced with a medieval Europe that is more cosmopolitan—where
people were more mobile, more polyglot, and less ethnically pure than has been
imagined—global Chaucerians can help us locate “both non-foundational and
non-imperial ways for ‘doing medieval studies’ in a post-national, neo-colonial
world.”[4]
Not only do translators and
scholars with non-European linguistic and cultural heritages provide
perspectives and knowledge otherwise unavailable to us, they remind us of the
fruitful consequences of collaboration. For instance, none of us can master all
the languages necessary to study the global reception of medieval texts and
artifacts; however, by creating a network of scholars and translators, we can
uncover exciting global exchanges, which will in turn help us understand how
the European Middle Ages and their subsequence reception were shaped by a
whirling circulation of languages and cultures. Despite their inadequate access
to research materials and limited opportunities to participate in larger conversations,
we have found these Chaucerians have much to teach us.
If we want this larger, more global
understanding of Chaucer’s reception and his texts, then we must be more
sensitive to the extreme isolation, both geographical and institutional, under
which these Chaucerians work. Because many of them teach English-language
literature in small comparative literature or foreign language departments,
these scholars are often the only ones at their universities working in
medieval studies. Their resources are often minuscule, and they are often unfamiliar
with publication practices inside the Anglophone alignment. They receive little
mentoring, even less active sponsoring, and as a result can feel unwelcomed at
our conferences and excluded from our publications. Not only are these
Chaucerians and their contributions often invisible to the larger field of
scholars, but, as the events in Turkey have illustrated, these Chaucerians are
extremely vulnerable.
At the 2016 NCS Congress, we saw
important steps towards bringing these scholars and translators into a larger, more
collaborative circle. I counted thirty slots (as either presenters or
organizers) filled by members from outside the Anglophone axis. Of those,
thirteen hailed from Western Europe (Netherlands, Spain, France, Switzerland,
and Germany), four from Scandinavia (Denmark, Iceland, and Norway), and two
from Eastern Europe (Poland). Of the remaining twelve, seven work in Asia
(Singapore, Japan, and Taiwan), four in the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, and
Kuwait), and one in Brazil (who was unable to attend after the Brazilian
economy crashed this spring.) I also met additional scholars from Turkey and
China who attended the conference but did not participate directly in the
program. Each time I listened to them, I learned more about Chaucer and his
global reception.
It's time for Chaucerians actively to
broaden our circle. I've asked scholars and translators in our Global Chaucers
network about the sorts of support they need. Here's what I've heard:
1.
Rethink what we mean by scholarship by
recognizing the value of translation and performance.
2.
Offer to share copies of articles and book
chapters otherwise unavailable to these Chaucerians.
3.
Explore modes of scholarship more amenable to
those with limited resources and different training.
4.
Reinforce the value of reception studies and
translation studies in journals and book series that we edit.
5.
Seek scholars and teachers outside the
inner-most circles; invite them to collaborate in publication projects and
grant opportunities. These scholars and graduate students need more than
mentoring—they need active sponsors.
6.
Provide fellowships and other opportunities for
scholars outside the inner-circles to study and interact with others.
7.
Develop more open-access resources, such as the Open Access Companion to The Canterbury Tales.
8.
Promote the Chaucer Bibliography, which has become more and more inclusive, thanks to the work
of Mark Allen and Stephanie Amsler.
I encourage you to institute and stabilize these and other
modes of collaboration and support. Unfolding events have demonstrated the
uncertainty of resources and remind us of the value in working together. I
suspect the future will only confirm these lessons.
[1] David
Matthews, The Making of Middle English, 1765-1910, Medieval Cultures
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); Stephanie Trigg, Congenial
Souls: Reading Chaucer from Medieval to Postmodern (Minneapolis, Minnesota:
University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
[2] Nadia
Altschul, “Transfer,” in Medievalism: Key Critical Terms, ed. Richard
Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 2014), 239.
[3] Candace
Barrington, “Global Medievalism and Translation,” in Cambridge Companion to
Medievalism, ed. Louise D’Arcens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2016), 195.
[4] Nadia
Altschul, “On the Shores of Nationalism: Latin American Philology, Local
Histories and Global Designs,” La Corónica 35, no. 2 (2007): 169.
